多重继承

多重继承，指的是一个类别可以同时从多于一个父类继承行为与特征的功能，Python 是支持多重继承的：

In [1]:
class Leaf(object):
    def __init__(self, color='green'):
        self.color = color

class ColorChangingLeaf(Leaf):
    def change(self, new_color='brown'):
        self.color = new_color

class DeciduousLeaf(Leaf):
    def fall(self):
        print "Plunk!"

class MapleLeaf(ColorChangingLeaf, DeciduousLeaf):
    pass

在上面的例子中， MapleLeaf 就使用了多重继承，它可以使用两个父类的方法：

In [2]:
leaf = MapleLeaf()

leaf.change("yellow")
print leaf.color

leaf.fall()

yellow
Plunk!

如果同时实现了不同的接口，那么，最后使用的方法以继承的顺序为准，放在前面的优先继承：

In [3]:
class Leaf(object):
    def __init__(self, color='green'):
        self.color = color

class ColorChangingLeaf(Leaf):
    def change(self, new_color='brown'):
        self.color = new_color    
    def fall(self):
        print "Spalt!"

class DeciduousLeaf(Leaf):
    def fall(self):
        print "Plunk!"

class MapleLeaf(ColorChangingLeaf, DeciduousLeaf):
    pass
In [4]:
leaf = MapleLeaf()
leaf.fall()

Spalt!
In [5]:
class MapleLeaf(DeciduousLeaf, ColorChangingLeaf):
    pass
In [6]:
leaf = MapleLeaf()
leaf.fall()

Plunk!

事实上，这个顺序可以通过该类的 __mro__ 属性或者 mro() 方法来查看：

In [7]:
MapleLeaf.__mro__
Out[7]:
(__main__.MapleLeaf,
 __main__.DeciduousLeaf,
 __main__.ColorChangingLeaf,
 __main__.Leaf,
 object)
In [8]:
MapleLeaf.mro()
Out[8]:
[__main__.MapleLeaf,
 __main__.DeciduousLeaf,
 __main__.ColorChangingLeaf,
 __main__.Leaf,
 object]

考虑更复杂的例子：

In [9]:
class A(object):
    pass

class B(A):
    pass

class C(A):
    pass

class C1(C):
    pass

class B1(B):
    pass

class D(B1, C):
    pass

调用顺序：

In [10]:
D.mro()
Out[10]:
[__main__.D, __main__.B1, __main__.B, __main__.C, __main__.A, object]